Arabitol is a 5 carbon sugar alcohol which exists in both D and L forms. Arabitol was produced by chemical synthesis which was both tedious and expensive and hence microbial production gained significant interest. Fermentation of natural substrates such as lignocellulose ,hemicelluloses etc and by using osmotolerant organsims such as yeast have resulted in higher yield  and quality than chemical synthesis.Osmophilic yeasts often accumulate polyols when exposed to many environmental stress and arabitol is one such polyol that is produced which prevents the yeast from degradation.  Several species of yeasts such as Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Debaryomyces are used and have produced up to 84 g/L of arabitol with yields up to 56% and the productivity up to 30g/L.  Metabolic engineering for the production of arabitol is extensively studied which will eventually lead to the construction of a novel arabitol producing organism. 

The water buffalo holds tremendous potential in the livestock sector in Asian and Mediterranean countries due to their diversified advantages. Faster multiplication of superior genotypes and the conservation of endangered buffalo breeds are crying need for the buffalo scientists. Recent advances in assisted reproductive biotechnologies, including male and female assisted technologies, offer enormous opportunities to not only improve productivity, but also to use buffaloes to produce novel products for applications to human health and nutrition. In this paper, an account of various aspects related to buffalo reproduction has been discussed. This paper included an overview of the most recent developments of reproductive biotechnologies, new strategies of reproductive management for the improvement of genetic gain and the application of newly developed reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production, embryo and sperm sexing and cloning of buffaloes.

 Internal disinfection of irriversible hydrocolloid was the prefered disinfection technique because it allows immediate pouring of the impression after removal of the impression from the patient, s mouth. Addition of disinfectant to the impression materials was superior to immersion or spraying techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess the surface antimicrobial efficacy, setting time, viscosity and dimensional stability of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material when mixed with two mouth washes and compared with the spray and immersion techniques. The used mouth washes were Tantum verde and Hexitol for mixing and disinfection of alginate impression material. The results indicated that the addition of mouth washes to be mixed with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material produced larger inhibition zones of growth than immersion and spray techniques. The setting time and viscosity were not adversely affected. The dimensional accuracy of the resulted stone cast was suitable. 

Hemolysis is said to occur if there is excessive destruction of red blood cells. The etiology of hemolysis can be myriad. It can be due to acquired or hereditary causes. The destruction of red cells can be intravascular or extravascular, resulting in a broad spectrum of symptoms. Certain hereditary disorders like hereditary spherocytosis may remain asymptomatic for long periods, however disorders like sickle cell anemia may present with life threatening hemolysis.Hemolysis can also be precipitated by drugs, toxins, infectious agents or autoimmune disorders. It is very important to recognize the etiology of hemolysis to institute prompt management measures.We hereby describe five patients who presented to us with clinical features suggestive of hemolysis. One of these patients was diagnosed to have hemolysis due to a hereditary spherocytosis and the rest were diagnosed to have acquired hemolysis due to varied etiologies like Evans syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, vitamin B12 deficiency and adelayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. 

Zirconium (~ 60 nm) thin layer was deposited on Si (100) substrates in ultra high vacuum conditions using the electron-beam evaporation technique. The system was exposed to different ion fluencies ranging from 3X1013–1X1014 ions/cm2 at room temperature. Zirconium silicide was synthesized on Si (100)/ zirconium interface by means of swiftly moving 150 MeV Au ion beam available from Tandem Accelerator in IUAC, India. Synthesized zirconium silicide thin film reasonably affects the resistivity of the irradiated system and for highest fluence of 1X1014 ions/cm2resistivity value reduces from 84.3 µΩ.cm to 36 µΩ.cm. A low resistivity silicide phase, C-49 ZrSi2 was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Schottky barrier height was calculated from I-V measurements and the values drops down to 0.58 eV after irradiation at 1X1014 ions/cm2.The surface and interface morphologies of zirconium silicide were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AFM shows a considerable change in the surface structure and SEM shows the ZrSi2 agglomeration and formation of Si-rich silicide islands. 

The Sarcroiliac Joint (SI) joint is one of the larger joints in the body having the wavy surface and fits together. The very mild motion that does occur is a combination of sliding, tilting and rotation. Sliding movement is probably only a couple of millimeters, and may tilt and rotate two or three degrees. By this case investigation the data suggest that Trans Cutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, mobilization and isometric exercise program is a significant intervention to reduce the pain along with the beneficial improvement in disability level in a patient with sacroiliac joint dysfunction. 

Background: