Contrary to traditional concept, anatomy of the preperitoneal tissues of groin is complex and new technological advancements provide new vision of morphology and structures known for centuries. Use of the excellent perspective, lighting and magnification under laparoscopy during the total extra-peritoneal (TEP) inguinal hernioplasty (N=30) revealed presence of a well-defined pre-peritoneal fascia covering the so-called pre-peritoneal fat which was also a definite fibrofatty layer of variable thickness. In 83% of cases, the pre-peritoneal fascia was single thin membranous layer while in 17%, it consisted of double layers both of which were thin membranous in nature. The pre-peritoneal fascia was quite distinct from the transversalis fascia in terms of not only its anatomic disposition but also its neurovascular supply, and there was an easily fissile avascular plane in between them, suggestive of different embryological origins of the two fascias. Internal spermatic fascia was consistently formed by the pre-peritoneal fascia, along with formation of a secondary internal ring at the level of the primary internal ring in the Transversalis fascia. Extensive fine neurovascular communications were consistently present among the three layers of the pre-peritoneal fascia, the pre-peritoneal fat and the parietal peritoneum, indicating their common embryological origin from the same somites. Pre-peritoneal fat formed a sizable cord lipoma in 20% of cases. Unhurried step-by-step judicious dissection in appropriate anatomical planes with keen observation, preferably under high definition endovision is the key to the continued research in the laparoscopic anatomy and is highly recommended to facilitate the surgical procedure with ease and safety.

Background: 

The fishing operations landing ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus) constitute diverse length groups ranging from 10 to 120 cm and weighing up to 1000 g. It is largely being utilised for preparation of surimi and whole fish exports by fish processing industry in India. The present work was carried out to study the physicochemical and functional characteristics of muscle proteins of fish with respect to different size/weight groups. These properties of muscle proteins of four different weight groups (up to 100 g (I), 100-200 g (II), 200-400 g (III) and 400-800 g (IV) of the fish are analysed. Solubility of sarcoplasmic protein (SPP) was higher in group IV. The myofibrillar protein (MFP) concentration was significantly higher in group III and IV. The concentration of reactive sulphydryl group and Ca++ATPase activity of MFP were higher in group III and IV than in I and II.

Introduction: 

Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is a perennial dioecious creeper cultivated in India for its leaf since time immemorial. The cultivated betel in India is usually the male plant selected from certain races and consequently does not fruit. Diseases are one of the major constraints behind the poor productivity of betelvine. Among the biotic stresses of betelvine, Phoma piperis-betle is the most important pathogen throughout growth period. Application of fungicide is an important aspect of plant disease management but less application of fungicides is desirable. An in vitro study was therefore undertaken to examine the relative efficacy of six fungicides on the growth of P. piperis-betle following standard poisoned food technique at different concentration. Carbendazim completely inhibited the growth of P. piperis-betle only at 10 ppm, followed by mancozeb with 100 percent inhibition in 50 ppm concentration. The growth of inhibitions of 100 and 82.00 percent were separately observed in 100 ppm of Zineb and Ziram respectively, in comparison to untreated control/check. Growth inhibitions of 52.88 and 37.88 percent were recorded in 500 ppm of copper oxychloride and metalaxyl. Thus, among all the six fungicides tested, carbendazim and Mancozeb have the great potentiality in comparison to copper oxychloride and zineb in the management of Phoma leaf spot disease of betelvine. 

Extrusion cooking is one of the most efficient and versatile food processing technologies that can be used to produce pre-cooked and dehydrated foods which will break down the starch and denature protein, thereby improve digestibility. Extrusion cooking is predominantly a thermochemical processing operation that combines several unit operations including mixing, kneading, shearing, conveying, heating, cooling, forming and partial drying or puffing depending on the material and equipment used. 

Blood samples of a total of 30 Punganur cattle (15 male and 15 female) maintained at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner and 5 Non-Descript (ND) animals from the surrounding areas of Palamaner were utilized for short term lymphocyte culture technique. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 60, XY consisting of 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and a pair of allosomes. The sub- metacentric X- chromosome was the longest and acrocentric Y-chromosome was the shortest.  The mean relative lengths of autosomes ranged from 5.34 to 1.87 percent in Punganur cattle and 5.10 to 1.97 percent in ND cattle. The effect of sex was non significant on relative length of all chromosomes except 29thpair of autosome in ND cattle. The NOR-banding revealed that NOR regions were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 28. 

Bioremediation technologies using high biomass aquatic weed species are applicable to clean-up waste water in constructed wetland for its reuse in agriculture. A rectangular sub surface horizontal model of 4’x 2’x 1’ was developed for removal of pollutants such as nitrates, phosphates and heavy metals in waste water. Gravels of 1.5-3”, 0.5-1” and 0.37-0.5” size were used as a media in the treatment zone in which the rhizomes of Arundo donax were planted. After well spreading of roots entangled with media in a bed zone, a treatment of drain water was given. Prior to the treatment, the average pollutant concentration of nickel, copper, nitrates and phosphates in drain water were 320, 340, 500, 35 ug/L respectively which were beyond the prescribed limit for irrigation. As compared with the untreated waste water, the rhizofilter model performed in reduction of the concentrations of nickel, copper, nitrate and phosphate to the extent of 55.8, 40.6, 70.0 and 42.8 per cent respectively after the treatment. As far as water flow through gravel medium is concerned, no clogging was occurred in treatment zone resulting free discharge of water through the outlet. The characters of exuberant root and good adaptability of Arundo donax suggested its potential in rhizofiltration of waste water. Thus, reed based treatment of waste water can be applied for treatment of drain water on field scale for irrigation purposes vis-à-vis as a preventive measure to check nitrate and phosphate related problems of weed infestation in surface water bodies.