Goats are important to the socioeconomic wellbeing of the pastoralists in Moyale district in terms of nutrition, income and intangible benefits. However, the development of the subsector faces challenges such as information about market actors, and that of the market structure, conduct and performance. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze goat market structure, conduct and performance in Moyale district. Primary and secondary data were employed for the study. Primary data were gathered from randomly chosen sample of 196 goat producers and 32 goat traders. The data was analyzed using descriptive method. The result of the study indicated that the major goat market actors in the district are goat producers, cooperatives, collectors, small-scale traders, large-scale traders, hotels and restaurants, and consumers. In the structure-conduct-performance analysis, four firms concentration ratio (CR4) of goat traders in the district market was 44.72 indicating weak oligopolistic market. Lack of capital is reported as the main barrier to entry particularly for large-scale traders and collectors. Negotiation is the main price setting strategy and the cash on hand is the mode of payment traders are mainly using in the district. Producers’ share of the consumers’ price was highest when they directly sell to consumers and lowest when they sell to collectors. The study recommends the need to enhance market competitiveness so that to reduce concentration and collusion of existing traders; to overcome the problem of capital barrier, improving the usage of credit facilities is vital; and to develop the skills of pastoralists through training to help them negotiate more effectively in the goat trading business.

Background: This study was proposed to address the effects of preterm birth and low birth weight on eruption of primary mandibular central incisors in Lahore city.
Objective: To compare the time of eruption of primary mandibular central incisor teeth in preterm and full-term infants.
Design: This was a descriptive study. A total of 60 infants were included in the study. These infants were divided into two groups. Group 1 with 30 full-term infants (born at 38-42 weeks of gestation) further divided into two sub-groups, Group 1A (>2500 g) and 1 B (<2500 g). Group 2 with 30 preterm infants (born before 37 weeks of gestation) was also divided into two sub-groups, Group 2A (>2500 g) and 2 B (<2500 g). The oral cavity of infants was first examined at the age of 6 months till the time of eruption of the primary mandibular central incisor teeth.
Result: The time of eruption was compared by ANOVA between and within groups, the difference was statistically significant among the groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results help us to understand the reasons of delayed teeth eruption. Low birth weight was related to the delayed time of eruption of the first deciduous tooth. Preterm infants were delayed in their first deciduous tooth eruption in comparison to full term infants. There was no significant correlation found between gender and time of eruption of the deciduous tooth.

The bark of Bauhinia rufescens was collected in January 2018 from plant garden house in Eldeain East Darfur-Sudan and it was identified at the herbarium of Medical and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, Khartoum-Sudan. The aim of the present study is to investigate the chemical constituents of the ethanolic bark extract from Bauhinia rufescens (L), evaluate its potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The plant extract was prepared by using maceration method to. The chemical constituents were identified and quantified using GC/MS. Paper disc diffusion assay was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the antioxidant activitiy was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Twenty nine components have been identified, four of them are major namely; (Scopoletin(31.68%), Cholesterin methyl ester (12.42 %), Palmiticacid (6.73%) and Oleic acid(4.01%). The antibacterial activity showed moderate inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus but it was in active against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger; The DPPH assay, showed (5±0.08) activity. In conclusion, the results showed that the Bauhinia rufescens (L) bark is a good source of natural antibacterial and antioxidant, and justify its uses in folkloric medicines.

Introduction: Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to the soil pollution in the last century, especially since the amount of mining and manufacturing has increased. Industrial effluents would have adverse impact on agriculture and would cause environmental degradation.
Materials and methods: Taking the above facts into consideration, a research was undertaken in Saptagir Camphor industry to explain the influence of industrial effluents on the microbial diversity and soil microbial enzymes. In this study the influence of industrial effluents on soil amylase activity in both polluted and non-polluted soil samples of Saptagir Camphor industry was investigated.
Result and Discussion: Discharge of effluents from camphor industry altered the physico-chemical properties of soil. Amylase activity was enhanced in polluted soil than in non-polluted soil and it was maximised in soil amended with suitable substrates than in non amended soil.
Conclusion: By increasing the effluents concentration, the amylase activity was stimulated at 10% treated effluent concentrations in non-polluted soil samples and the activity subsided on further increasing the concentration.

Intestinal parasites are known to cause significant nutrient deficiency, morbidity and mortality if not detected and treated at an early stage especially in children. A survey of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STHs) among primary pupils in JentaAdamu, Jos was carried out between December, 2019 and January, 2020. 205 stool samples were randomly collected from four different primary school pupils of both sexes with ages ranging from 4 to 15 years old. The collected samples were examined for Intestinal Helminths using direct mount and concentration techniques to process the stools. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among the study population was 80(39.02%). Ascaris lumbricoides (16.09%) was the most common parasites, followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (9.27%). Strongyloidesstercoralis and Schistosoma mansoni caused 4.39% each. Trichuris trichiura caused 1.46% while Taenia saginata caused 0.97% of STHs and 2.45% constitute intestinal protozoan. Pupils between the age group of 8-12 had the highest 18.53% rate of infection while those within the age group of 13-15 had the lowest 5.36% infection rate. The prevalence in relation to sexes showed high infection in males(22.44%) than females(16.59%). No significant difference (sig P value >0.05) was observed between worm infectivity, sex, age and socioeconomic status in the study sample. This study showed a low prevalence of Intestinal helminths infection among primary school pupils, indicating that some measures are being implemented to control the spread. However, efforts should be intensified to promote health education, environmental and personal hygiene and regular deworming of school children should be encouraged.

Introduction: An increasing body of evidence suggests that microorganisms are far more sensitive to industrial effluents than soil plants growing on the same soil. Setting up of new industries resulted in the disposal of industrial effluents causing air, water and soil pollution. Microbes play a crucial role in decontaminating polluted sites. The study was designed to evaluate the microbial population of soil environment contaminated with industrial pollution.
Materials and methods: Soil samples were collected from the surrounding areas (1/4th km) of Saptagir Camphor industry, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India. Soil samples without effluent discharges served as control were collected from adjacent site (1 km) away from the same camphor industry. Triplicate soil samples of each polluted and non-polluted soil samples were withdrawn at periodic intervals such as 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days for the enumeration of microbial population. The population of actinomycetes is enumerated by serial dilution method using Kenknights agar medium and the estimation of population of Azospirillum sp. population was done by most-probable number (MPN) method.
Results and Discussion: Population of actinomycetes and Azospirillum sp. were significantly enhanced in polluted soil than in non-polluted soil and were increased with increase in the incubation period up to 20 days compared to 0 day, however, population count was decreased after 20 days of incubation. The population count decreases with increase in the dilution factor. The population of Azospirillum sp. in polluted soil is two-fold higher than in non-polluted soil.
Conclusion: Studies have shown that the ability of microbes to tolerate a definite level of pollutants under natural conditions might be owing to the complex nature of the soil environment.