This study aimed to extract seeds oil of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L) and to identify its chemical constituents and evaluate its potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The seeds were collected from Rashaad city, South Kordofan State, Sudan in October 2020.The oil was extracted in the laboratory of the department of chemistry faculty of science university of kordofan and analyzed by GC-MS instrument, the results showed that Eleven compounds were detected in G. cress seeds oil the major components are; α-Linolenic acid (29.57%), Oleic acid (23.12%), Eicosenoic acid (14.24%), Linoleic acid (12.43%) and  Palmitic acid (7.52). The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids found in the oil were 13.35% and 86.65% respectively. The chemical properties of the oil were measured; (1.96meq KOH/g) peroxide value, (4.19 mg KOH/100g) free fatty acid value, (134.46 gI2/100g) iodine value, (173.36 mgKOH/g) saponification value and (1.16 %w/w) unsaponifiable matter value. The antimicrobial activity of the G. cress oil was evaluated using disc diffusion assay against two-gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aurous, Bacillus subtilis and two-gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one Fungus Candida albicans. At concentration 100 mg/ml the oil was active against Staphylococcus aureus and partial activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Moreover oil showed no antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The antioxidant activity of the extracted oil was evaluated by using the standard 2.2-di(4-tetra-octyl-phenyl)-1-bicryl hydrazyl free radical (DPPH). The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the extracted oil was (99.03%). G. cress oil can be considered as stable oil with a high content of α-linolenic acid.

Introduction: The dental pulp is a highly specialized tissue because of its capability to regenerate. The pulp shows inflammation in response to insult and if untreated, it leads to pulp infection and pulp death.
Objective: Objective of this study was to compare the histological changes in the odontoblast layer of coronal and radicular pulp following 2 mm coronal tooth preparation.
Material and Methods: An experimental study was performed. Thirty premolar teeth intended for orthodontic extraction were categorized into two groups of fifteen each which were the control group and the experimental group (Teeth prepared up to 2mm using high-speed hand piece).
Results: There was a significant difference (p value <0.001) between control and experimental groups in the odontoblastic layer and presence of nuclei in its cells of coronal dental pulp. Whereas radicular area of dental pulp has not exhibited any significant difference between control and experimental group.
Conclusion: The results help us to understand the effects of the injury on the healthy dental pulp. Keeping in view the histological changes in tooth pulp following 2mm of coronal tooth preparation, the radicular pulp was normal while histological changes were seen in the coronal pulp.

Background: Heterotopic pregnancy is the simultaneous development of an intrauterine pregnancy and an ectopic pregnancy. Although it is common with assisted reproductive technology, this fatal condition rarely occurs in natural conception cycles, with a rate of just one in 30,000 pregnancies. A high index of suspicion can help in timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. If undiagnosed, they are associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. We report a case of heterotopic pregnancy in a 30-year-old woman presenting with signs and symptoms of acute abdomen at 2months of amenorrhea.
Case presentation: A 30 years old gravida 3 para1 abortion 1(spontaneous at 3 months of amenorrhea) who was amenorrhea for 2 months presented with abdominal pain of 4 days and diagnosed to have heterotopic pregnancy and emergency laparotomy and left side salpingectomy done and the patient discharged on the 3rd post op day with stable vital sign and viable intrauterine pregnancy but the intrauterine pregnancy becomes missed abortion 9 weeks after surgery and it was medically terminated
Conclusion: Heterotopic pregnancy must always be considered in all patients presenting with abdominal or pelvic pain in the presence of a documented intrauterine pregnancy and there should be prompt and immediate action when a heterotopic pregnancy is suspected, to avoid missing this potentially life-threatening condition.

Goats are important to the socioeconomic wellbeing of the pastoralists in Moyale district in terms of nutrition, income and intangible benefits. However, the development of the subsector faces challenges such as information about market actors, and that of the market structure, conduct and performance. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze goat market structure, conduct and performance in Moyale district. Primary and secondary data were employed for the study. Primary data were gathered from randomly chosen sample of 196 goat producers and 32 goat traders. The data was analyzed using descriptive method. The result of the study indicated that the major goat market actors in the district are goat producers, cooperatives, collectors, small-scale traders, large-scale traders, hotels and restaurants, and consumers. In the structure-conduct-performance analysis, four firms concentration ratio (CR4) of goat traders in the district market was 44.72 indicating weak oligopolistic market. Lack of capital is reported as the main barrier to entry particularly for large-scale traders and collectors. Negotiation is the main price setting strategy and the cash on hand is the mode of payment traders are mainly using in the district. Producers’ share of the consumers’ price was highest when they directly sell to consumers and lowest when they sell to collectors. The study recommends the need to enhance market competitiveness so that to reduce concentration and collusion of existing traders; to overcome the problem of capital barrier, improving the usage of credit facilities is vital; and to develop the skills of pastoralists through training to help them negotiate more effectively in the goat trading business.