A good understanding of root canal anatomy is essential for successful root canal treatment and endodontic procedures. Ignorance of root canal morphology and variation is one of the main reasons for root canal treatment（RCT） failure. In recent years, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used to study root canal anatomy and guide clinical work.

Introduction: Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by a Treponema pallidum. Clinically Syphilis may be symptomatic in primary, secondary disease and also in the tertiary stage of late syphilis but there is no clinical evidence of disease in the latent phase. The prevalence rates apparently are far higher in developing countries where STI treatment is less accessible. The exact prevalence of syphilis in India is not known because of several reasons viz. the stigma attached to sexually transmitted diseases. The present study to determine the seropositivity rates in the population of the Sub Himalayan region of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh.
Material and Method: Data was procured from the case records maintained in the STI laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College from January 2021 to December 2022. All the serum samples were subjected to rapid plasma reagin (RPR) testing.
Results: Total of 3175 samples were received in our laboratory for screening of syphilis. In our study out of all 3175 samples, RPR was reactive in 40(1.25%) individuals and 3135 (98.75%) were non-reactive serologically. In reactive individuals male to female ratio was 1:0.6.Distribution on the basis of age showed predominance of RPR reactive individuals in 21 to 30 years of age.
Conclusion: Syphilis, an old re-emerging disease in most parts of the world, is currently a big challenge to health practitioners. Timely diagnosis clinically and serologically is necessary. The findings of this study further emphasizes that RPR testing plays a special value in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of syphilis.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health issue, largely related to the use of antibiotics. Infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in both hospital and community settings. These infections become more and more difficult to treat, the therapeutic arsenal diminishes and the risk of a therapeutic stalemate increases.
Our study consisted of the evaluation of antibiotic consumption and bacterial resistance to antibiotics in 12 clinical departments of the Ibn Rochd Hospital of Casablanca in a period of time that maintain from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017.
In the present study, resuscitation, medicine and surgery departments are the 3 most consuming departments of antibiotics, C3 Gare the most frequently used ATBs, followed by carbapenems and clavulanic acid amoxicillin. The prevalence of BMR in these services during the study period was 77%, 45.11%, 34.18% and 14% for ABRI, EBLSE, PARI/PARC and MRSA respectively.
Through this study, the analyse is of the bivariate correlation showed that the latter was statistically significant (p<0.05) for several studied couples of antibiotic consumption and bacterial resistance, this was particularly demonstrated for imipenem/ABRI, imipenem/PARI, fluoroquinolones / MRSA, fluoroquinolones / EBLSE and C3G / EBLSE, this shows that the main risk factor for these bacterial resistances is exposure to the antibiotic. This correlation has not been demonstrated for other studied couples such as: ceftazidime/PARC, aminoglycosides/EBLSE and C3G/MRSA.
Other factors identified include long hospitalization prior to infection, failure to observe standard hospital hygiene precautions, and invasive procedures.
These results demonstrate the usefulness of networking and monitoring strategies. We can envisage that in the long term, monitoring of antibiotic consumption and bacterial resistance become mandatory in all CHUs. Obtaining antibiotic consumption data and bacterial resistance would allow the implementation of targeted corrective actions in order to promote better and lesser use of antibiotics.

Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the water body, where sunlight penetrates the water. Phytoplankton also requires inorganic nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Batticaloa Lagoon is a very large estuarine lagoon in Batticaloa District, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. The city of Batticaloa is located on land between the lagoon and the Indian Ocean. Batticaloa district is flourished with three lagoons, such Batticaloa lagoon, Valaichchenai Lagoon and Vahari Lagoon / Upaar Lagoon. Among them, Batticaloa lagoon is the largest lagoon in Batticaloa District. Water samples were collected at Bar mouth (A) and Sathurukkondan (B) during dry season (June) and rainy season (November).
Upaar Lagoon (Uphaar Lagoon) is a lagoon in North Eastern Province (North Eastern), Sri Lanka (Asia) with the region font code of Asia/Pacific. A Lagoon is a shallow coastal water body, completely (dry season) or partly (rainy season) separated from a larger body of water by a barrier island, coral reef and other depositional feature. Water samples were collected at Narrow channel area (A) and Vaharai area (B) during dry season (June) and rainy season (November).
Both lagoons are surrounded by paddy lands during rainy season by surface run-off most of the fertilizers entering into the lagoon water body and considerable amount of Phosphate, Nitrate and Chloride were estimated during the investigation period. Comparatively greater numbers of Phytoplankton members were identified in dry season (June) according to Water Temperature increase and at the low temperature low numbers of members were identified. At the estuarine areas according, salinity increase greater number of Dinoflagellates and Diatoms were identified and during the rainy season according to low salinity greater numbers of Chlorophycean and Cyanophycean members were identified.

Litho-geochemical and soil environmental geochemical studies have been carried out in the areas of barite and copper mineralization at Kato Potamia, Chrysopetra and Leipsidri of Κilkis province. The barite ore occurs in the form of veins striking NNW-SSE cutting the metamorphic rocks of the Serbo-Macedonian massif. The mineralogy of barite ore is simple: barite, galena, and quartz. Regarding Sr content, the barites can be distinguished into two groups: group one from Leipsidri is characterized by strontium (Sr) contents ranging between 640 and 1,580 mg Kg-1, while group two from Kato Potamia is characterized by Sr contents in the range 1,310 to 2,850 mg Kg-1. Lead (Pb) anomalies may also be used to trace the Ba anomalies since the two minerals (galena and barite) are associated with the barite veins. The barite-rich samples have, in a general way, lower FeO and MgO contents, usually ~ 1 %. The elevated soil background and anomalous copper (Cu) and Pb values show that they reflect the copper and barite mineralization of the area and characterize the residual soils as contaminated. Most soil samples are characterized by Cu and Pb concentrations higher than the phytotoxic levels.