The factors influencing customers' preference on PHCN billing systems, using respondents from Alakahia, Rivers state were examined using the minimax principle of two players playing zero sum games. In order to gather the necessary data, questionnaires were distributed to the target population of sampled residence of Alakahia, taking into account the 8 factors that were identified as influencing residence's decisions between estimated and prepaid meter. In a two-player zero-sum game, the acquired data were analyzed using the minimax theorem. The best approach and the game's worth were identified. From the result, in the analysis of customers' preference on PHCN billing systems, using respondents from Alakahia, a saddle point exists at -23 ( maximin value = minimax value). This implies that player A being Estimated billing prefers either strategy a4 and a8 representing 'not restricted to limited use of appliances'   and 'best for commercial use' While player B being Prepaid meter billing prefers either strategy b3 and b7 representing 'more reliable power consumption' and 'more economical to meter. The value of the game is -23. This implies that in the analysis of customers preference to PHCN billing system, player B which denotes Prepaid billing system is favoured and preferable.

Periodontitis, a difficult problem in dentistry that has been difficult to overcome, is characterized by alveolar bone resorption, and bidirectional immunoregulation by macrophages is an important influence on the degree of periodontal bone resorption. With the onset of inflammation, macrophages can polarize into two different functional phenotypes, M1 and M2, with M2-type macrophages thought to have anti-inflammatory effects and M1-type macrophages promoting inflammatory responses and accelerating bone resorption. Therefore, in this paper, we will review the regulation of macrophage polarization in periodontal tissues with the expectation that it will improve the efficacy of bone restoration in periodontitis in the future therapeutic field of periodontitis.

Caries is caused by bacteria attached to the plaque on the surface of teeth that produce acid from dietary sugars as raw materials, leading to the demineralization of tooth hard tissues and even the destruction of tooth tissue structure. Based on the formation of dental plaque biofilm and its cariogenic mechanism, new materials that can inhibit the formation of caries pathogen biofilm, reduce demineralization and induce remineralization of dental hard tissues have become a research hotspot. Zwitterionic polymers (ZPs) have unique structures and properties that can resist adhesion and sterilization of proteins and bacteria, thus resisting biofilm and acting as templates for functionalization to regulate mineralization, while maintaining good biocompatibility. Therefore, this review will focus on its structural characteristics and its application in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.

Aegle marmelos (L.), a pharmacologically useful shrub is a native to central Asia. Due to the richness of therapeutically active ingredients, it holds significance in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. These properties are attributed to the presence of various phytoconstituents present in the plant such as coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids. This study focuses on studying the leaf extracts of Bael on different cell lines: MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and A549. The cytotoxicity of the leaf extracts was studied against these cancer cell lines using MTT (3- [4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The toxicity of the extracts against cancer cell lines was evaluated by determining the IC50 (Half maximal inhibitory concentration) value and the results were as follows, the IC50 against HepG2 cell line was 129.1µg/ml, for MDA-MB-231 it was 130.34 µg/ml, for A549 and MCF7 it was 239.5 µg/ml and 234.49 µg/ml respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts against liver, lung, and breast cancer cell lines. To verify the potency of this extract as an anti-cancer agent, the standard doxorubicin was used to compare the results. The evaluation of the extract shows the medicinal importance of this plant in cure of multiple diseases. It can be used as a combinatorial therapy with other drugs to verify the synergy in the cure of cancer.