Recurrent aphthous ulcer is the most common oral mucosal disease, of which pathogenesis is still unclear. In the process of treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcer, relapses often occur to patients. Existing research points out that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulcer. The immunomodulatory function of vitamin D may be beneficial to cure recurrent aphthous ulcer. Based on the two arguments above, this article reviews and analyzes the relevant articles on the research status of vitamin D in recurrent aphthous ulcer.

Within the framework of school-family collaboration, which is related to the broader psychosocial health and functioning of the child and the family, the conditions are created to prevent the traditional exclusion of families of low socioeconomic and educational level from collaborating with the school (Georgiou, 2000 op. cit. by Kourkoutas and Eleftherakis, 2008). Regular contact and collaboration between parents and teachers is imperative in cases where the family is “different” from the other families in the area, and we are mainly referring to families belonging to different cultural groups (Psalti and Gavriilidou, 1995: 74).

The increasing need for efficient energy management in smart grids has driven the development of innovative monitoring and prediction systems. This paper introduces an IoT and cloud-based smart meter system utilizing the ESP8266 controller for real-time energy consumption monitoring and prediction. The system integrates IoT devices to capture energy usage data and employs cloud platforms for efficient data storage and analysis. A custom algorithm analyzes consumption patterns, enabling accurate forecasting and enhanced energy management. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the system's capability to improve grid efficiency and facilitate proactive decision-making for both consumers and utility providers. This work underscores the potential of IoT and cloud integration in modernizing energy infrastructure for sustainable development.

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a global challenge, affecting 14–16% of hospitalized patients. They can arise from endogenous skin flora or exogenous sources among high-risk patients (e.g., diabetes, anaemia, malnutrition and smoking). This study explores SSI incidence, risk factors, and microbiological profiles in emergency abdominal surgeries at Dr. RPGMC Tanda in North India.
Material and method: A retrospective analysis was conducted between April 2023 and March 2024 at Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda. Patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgeries who developed postoperative wound infections within seven days were included, following strictly predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A proforma captured demographic and clinical details. Swabs were aseptically collected upon infection detection and again 72 hours later. Samples underwent direct microscopy, culture, biochemical testing, and antibiotic susceptibility assessment according to stringent standard laboratory procedures.
Results: Among 751 emergency surgical patients, 113 (15.04%) developed surgical site infections (SSIs). Males accounted for 58.4% of infections, whereas 41.6% involved females. Individuals older than 60 years recorded the highest incidence (33.3%). Of the 113 patients with SSIs, 37 (32.7%) presented no comorbidities. However, most patients exhibited one or more risk factors, particularly anemia (57%) and diabetes mellitus (55.4%), followed by smoking (28%), hypertension (10.6%), and COPD (1.8%). These findings underscore the substantial SSI burden and the significance of comorbidities in elevating infection risk, reinforcing the necessity for targeted preventive strategies and vigilant postoperative care. Robust prophylactic interventions remain warranted.
Discussion: Postoperative wound infections remain a significant concern after emergency abdominal surgeries. In this study, 15.4% developed SSIs, aligning with previous findings. Males were more affected (58.4%) than females (41.6%). Anaemia (57%) and diabetes (55.4%) dominated comorbidities, underscoring meticulous risk evaluation, glycaemic control, and early intervention for optimal outcomes and care.

Ciprofloxacin is one of the most popular antibiotics in its class because it’s available in the brand product as well as several generic products, and is used for treatments for bacterial infection. Of these Ciprofloxacin versions, the clinical decisions depend upon pharmacoeconomic and therapeutic nuances for which the healthcare professionals are the key. Branded ciprofloxacin is more expensive compared to generic ciprofloxacin, and therefore, this would result in better value for money for the patient as well as healthcare, thus making treatment-of-pharmaceuticals more affordable and also opening up access to pharmaceutical treatment in resource constrained regions. Bioavailability differences, inactive ingredients and manufacturing quality issues that occur during generic ciprofloxacin rating can affect patient adherence as well as therapeutic outcomes. In this study, the economic aspects, together with regulatory processes and clinical performance of brand name ciprofloxacin versus generic equivalent is analyzed. Generic drugs are required by the FDA and EMA to show bioequivalence standard through regulatory inspection despite the continued effect of changes in formulation and patient perception on prescribing practice. Market selection toward generics is driven by market dynamics in the pharmaceutical marketing and also by the insurance reimbursement regulations. Generic ciprofloxacin is available and appears to provide as good effectiveness and safety as the original. The research outcomes show that development by healthcare practitioners and patients’ understanding of generic medicines reliability. Future research pertaining to the pharmacokinetic variations and patient medication commitment should establish confidence in generic ciprofloxacin as a treatment alternative, considering clinical outcomes. Responsible antibiotic practice policies implementing cost effective prescribing to combat antibiotic resistance leads to healthcare sustainability.

Reactive dyes are environmentally hazardous due to their toxicity, even at low concentrations, and their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Their high solubility in water makes them difficult to remove using conventional methods. This study aims to use the in-silico and in-vitro approach to explore the potential of Polyphenol oxidase in dye remediation. In in-silico studies binding affinities of Polyphenol oxidase and Azoreductase with five reactive dyes (Reactive Black 5, Reactive Red 1, Reactive Orange 16, Reactive Yellow 17, Reactive blue 19) were compared and the highest binding was validated by Molecular dynamic simulation. Further in in-vitro studies, Polyphenol oxidase enzyme from peel of Lagenariasiceraria was isolated, purified and characterise to study the effect of free and immobilized polyphenol oxidase enzyme on reactive dyes decolourization. The in-silico studies revealed that both enzymes demonstrated strong binding affinities with all reactive dyes, with the highest affinity observed for Reactive Blue 19. Molecular dynamic analysis showed the interaction of both the proteins was stable with reactive blue 19 and MM-PBSA MM-PBSA calculation indicated that binding affinity of Polyphenol oxidase with Reactive blue 19 is -90.901   +/-    3.495 (kJ/mol) and binding affinity of Azoreductase with Reactive blue 19 is -72.096   +/-    3.340 (kJ/mol). This concludes that Polyphenol oxidase can be used as a potential enzyme for decolourization of reactive dyes. In-vitro studies, Polyphenol oxidase enzyme was successfully purified with a specific activity of1374.73 U/mg and purification fold 2.27.  Cotton fabric with indirect immobilization showed more recovered activity of 42.4% than direct immobilization i.e. 37%. Decolorization of Novacron Blue C 5X dye was highest in indirect immobilized fabric i.e. 27.6% as compared to direct immobilised (11.66%) and free form of enzyme (14%). This study highlights the potential of polyphenol oxidase in textile dye remediation, providing both in-silico and in-vitro validation of its efficacy.

Vegan milk, derived from soybeans, oats, coconuts, rice, cashews, peanuts, and almonds, serves as a viable alternative to dairy milk, offering health benefits and promoting sustainability. Plant-based milk is produced through the disintegration of raw ingredients, resulting in varying particle composition and texture. To enhance consistency and taste, sugar and natural thickeners can be incorporated. Heat treatment extends the shelf life, ensuring quality retention. Typically, one cup of base ingredients is blended with three cups of water, with optional straining for a smoother texture. Unsweetened versions provide a wholesome alternative, while sweeteners and flavors can be added based on preference. This paper explores the production, nutritional benefits, and potential enhancements of homemade vegan milk as a sustainable and health-conscious option.

Phenomena of school violence and bullying are common in Greek schools. Therefore, the application of programmes of prevention and dealing with violent incidents and bullying is a priority. Programmes of school mediation are among the most efficient programmes internationally. This project deals with the study of students’ education on the principles of school mediation at the Junior High School in Omvriaki in Fthiotida. In order to put the programme into action, twelve professors of various specialties were educated on mediation. They developed tuitions and educated the school students. In particular, the strategies chosen by students for their disagreements before their education in mediation and the ones they would choose after their education were analysed. What is more, professors’ attitudes and views on the methods of dealing with phenomena of school violence and the practice of prevention before and after the implementation of the programme of school mediation in the specific school are studied. In this case, we will limit ourselves to the part of the professors who, according to the study, before the implementation of the programme, support cooperative methods for the management of phenomena of school violence and believe in the effectiveness if cultivation of cooperative practices regarding the prevention of phenomena of school violence, and after the implementation of the programme, developed positive attitudes concerning the effectiveness of cooperative practices of both managing and preventing phenomena of school violence.