Background: Scrub typhus is an underdiagnosed zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted through chigger mite bites. It presents with nonspecific symptoms, often mimicking other tropical febrile illnesses, leading to delayed diagnosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the seroprevalence and demographic distribution of scrub typhus cases using IgM ELISA at Zonal Hospital Mandi in Himachal Pradesh.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology from January to December 2024. A total of 590 patients with clinically suspected scrub typhus were tested using IgM ELISA. Data on age, sex, month of testing, and ELISA results were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Out of 590 samples tested, 118 (20%) were positive for scrub typhus IgM antibodies. Females constituted 70.3% of positive cases, showing a clear female predominance. The majority of cases were reported in the 21–50 year age group. A distinct seasonal trend was observed, with all positive cases occurring between September and November, peaking in October (63.6%).
Conclusion: Scrub typhus continues to be a significant cause of acute febrile illness in the sub-Himalayan region, especially during the post-monsoon months. IgM ELISA serves as a reliable diagnostic tool. Awareness among clinicians, early diagnosis, and timely treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes in endemic areas.

The Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome (SCOS), also documented as Del Castillo syndrome or germ cell aplaysia, is a exceptional histopathological situation of the testes categorized by the complete lack of germ cells within the seminiferous tubules, leaving only Sertoli cells. It also represents an significant cause of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and male infertility. The cause of SCOS is multifactorial, linking genetic disease, environmental influences, and cryptogenic mechanisms. Male sex glands (Testes) from male with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism showed only immature Sertoli cells; cryptorchid testes showed dysgenetic cells and occasional typical cells; and after heal with oestrogens or chemotherapy the testes showed involuting cells and normal cells. This review paper highlights the existing perceptive of SCOS, consist of its pathogenesis, analytical approach, and therapeutic strategy, while emphasizing modern advances in reproductive medication and forthcoming upcoming strategy.

Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurogenetic disorder characterized by severe developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent or minimal speech, movement abnormalities, and a unique behavioral phenotype marked by frequent laughter and an excitable personality. The disorder results primarily from genetic abnormalities involving the UBE3A gene on chromosome 15q11–q13. This review provides an overview of the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, management strategies, and recent therapeutic advances in Angelman Syndrome. Despite the absence of a definitive cure, early diagnosis and supportive interventions significantly improve quality of life. Therefore, this review highlights the epigenetic aspects involved in the AS in order to provide a better understanding and clarification of the mechanisms, hopefully paving the way for future research to improve the treatment of affected individuals.