The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetiaillucens) larvae oil has gained attention for its antimicrobial potential, particularly in dermatological applications. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of crude, autoclaved, and purified BSF larvae oil against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The oil was extracted using solvent extraction, followed by different processing methods. Physicochemical analysis revealed that purification improved stability, reducing free fatty acid content (5.195% to 1.66%) and acid value (10.39 to 3.33 mg KOH/g) while maintaining a similar refractive index (1.2451 to 1.2450). Viscosity decreased (98.45 to 85.60 cP), and pH dropped from 7.44 to 1.244, indicating enhanced antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that purified BSF larvae oil significantly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (19.2 ± 0.30 mm), Escherichia coli (18.4 ± 0.30 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.8 ± 0.35 mm), and Bacillus subtilis (15.3 ± 0.30 mm). However, autoclaved and crude oil exhibited no antibacterial activity, suggesting that heat-sensitive bioactive compounds, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lauric acid, contribute to its antibacterial effects. These findings highlight the potential of purified BSF larvae oil as a natural, sustainable alternative to synthetic antibiotics in treating skin infections. Further research is needed to assess its long-term stability and dermatological safety.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a serious global health concern, particularly in developing countries. An estimated 296 million people worldwide are living with chronic HBV infection, many of whom remain undiagnosed. Serological markers such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) are widely used for initial diagnosis and classification of HBV infection phases. However, these markers alone do not reflect the true replication status of the virus. Quantification of HBV DNA (Viral Load) is crucial for evaluating the stage of infection, assessing infectivity, monitoring response to therapy, and guiding clinical management decisions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the HBV viral load among serologically positive individuals and correlate it with their serological profile and clinical parameters.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Douek et al., 2009). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. In the present study carried out on 942 patients with various sexually transmitted diseases 65 patients were found to be seropositive for HIV. Out of these 42 were males (64.61%) while 23 were females (35.38%) which are lower than Burzin et al. (2006) from Ahmedabad reported 77.51% males and 22.49% females found seropositive for HIV. This might be due to less no. of patients in our study. Large number of cases in males in comparison to females is explained from the fact that in females the social stigma and discrimination prevents the women to seek help of STD clinic facility, which in turn contribute higher cases in males. Hence, our study support the males are affected than the opposite sex. Among 65 HIV patients, herpes Progenitalis is the commonest STD with 28 cases (43.07%), followed by Syphilis (18.45%), Mixed VDs (12.3%), Molluscum contagiosum (7.69%), Gonorrhoea (6.15%), Chancroid (4.61%), Condyloma acuminate (3.07%), Granuloma Inguinale (1.53%), Lymphogranuloma venereum (1.53%) and Nongonococcal urethritis (1.53%) indicating that HIV is co-supplemented with STDs and such STD patients are high risk of HIV Seropositivity.