Plankton communities are vital indicators of aquatic ecosystem health, playing key roles in primary production and nutrient cycling. This study investigated the temporal variations in plankton diversity and abundance in Unnichai Reservoir, Sri Lanka, over a one-year period(Jun 2024 to May 2025), focusing on seasonal monsoon and dry phases. Monthly sampling revealed significant fluctuations in plankton dynamics, with phytoplankton (22 taxa) dominated by Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta, peaking during the monsoon (October–January), while zooplankton (15 taxa), primarily Cladocera and Copepoda, reached highest densities in the monsoon period. Water quality parameters strongly influenced plankton communities, elevated nitrate (0.68–1.21 mg/L) and phosphate (0.75–1.16 mg/L) during the monsoon correlated with phytoplankton blooms (Microcystis aeruginosa: 2,100 ± 315 ind/L at L6), while dissolved oxygen (5.2–7.8 mg/L) and temperature (26.5–30.2°C) shaped zooplankton distribution. Biodiversity indices (Shannon-Wiener H' = 2.60 ± 0.26 in monsoon vs. 1.98 ± 0.20 in dry season) confirmed higher diversity during wet periods, driven by nutrient influx. The reservoir’s mesotrophic status, marked by moderate nutrient enrichment, underscores risks of eutrophication. These findings highlight the critical role of seasonal hydrological changes in plankton dynamics and emphasize the need for sustainable management to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on water quality and ecosystem stability.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-invasive, radiation-free diagnostic technique that characterizes biological tissues based on their frequency-dependent electrical properties. Over the past 15 years, EIS has progressed from experimental biophysics to clinical-grade applications across multiple medical disciplines. This scoping review synthesizes current knowledge on EIS principles, mechanistic foundations, and emerging clinical applications, with emphasis on recent technological advancements and translational potential in healthcare. Comprehensive narrative review of peer-reviewed literature (2010–2025) covering electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrical impedance myography (EIM), electrical impedance tomography (EIT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and wearable bioimpedance systems. Recent reviews, key original research, and clinical validation studies demonstrating methodological developments and medical applications were analyzed. EIS-based techniques provide sensitive, real-time, and label-free assessment of tissue composition, cellular integrity, and physiological function. Electrical impedance myography and tomography have demonstrated clinical utility in neuromuscular assessment, pulmonary and cardiovascular monitoring, and cancer detection. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows strong potential for biomarker detection and point-of-care diagnostics. Integration with artificial intelligence and wearable technologies further enhances diagnostic accuracy and continuous monitoring capabilities. Electrical impedance spectroscopy represents a versatile, clinically promising, and cost-effective approach for non-invasive medical assessment. Continued improvements in electrode design, signal processing, standardization, and data-driven analysis are expected to accelerate EIS translation into routine clinical and personalized healthcare applications.

Insulin pump therapy has revolutionized diabetes management by offering continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) that mimics physiological insulin delivery. This review highlights the historical evolution of insulin pumps from bulky prototypes to compact, sensor -integrated systems. The components and working principles of pumps are discussed alongside various types, including traditional, patch, and hybrid closed -loop devices.  
Comparative evidence between CSII and multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy demonstrates superior glycemic control, reduced hypoglycemia, and improved patient satisfaction with pump use. The integration of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automate d algorithms has further advanced hybrid closed -loop systems, moving closer to the goal of a fully automated “artificial pancreas.” Despite these benefits, safety concerns such as infusion set failures, device recalls, and cyber security issues persist, underscoring the need for vigilant monitoring and patient education.  
Economic barriers and policy limitations continue to affect accessibility, particularly in resource -limited regions. Pharmacists play a crucial role in insulin pump therapy by providing patient education, dose titration support, device troubleshooting, and ensuring adherence. Their involvement enhances both therapeutic outcomes and patient safety.  
Future research should focus on improving automation, affordability, and personalized insulin delivery through artificial intelligence and data -driven algorithms. Collectively, the integration of technological innovation, clinical expertise, and pharmacist -led care promises to further optimize diabetes management and improve quality of life for individuals requiring insulin therapy.

Mental health disorders affect over 1 billion people worldwide, creating an urgent need for accessible, compassionate, and comprehensive care. As mental health challenges intensify globally, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, social inequities, and persistent stigma, the healthcare system faces mounting pressure to expand its service capacity and improve treatment outcomes. Within this landscape, pharmacists have emerged as vital contributors- whose roles extend far beyond traditional medication dispensing.
The role of pharmacists is evolving, with significant involvement in helping people recover from mental illnesses. Pharmacists use screening tools such as the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 to identify symptoms early and treat them quickly. They provide medication advice, track drug interactions, and help with care transitions through relationships based on empathy. Digital health technologies help more people while also making it easier for them to adhere to their plans and improve their quality of life.
Pharmacists face barriers, including stigma, inadequate training, and restrictive legal frameworks that limit their potential. Strategic investment in education and legal scope expansion is essential to unlock the transformative capacity of these technologies. Evidence demonstrates their growing clinical impact, from early detection to therapeutic management and advocacy. Enabling pharmacists to advance global mental health outcomes and bridge critical gaps in community services is essential.

Nasal and paranasal sinus cancers are rare but highly aggressive malignancies that account for less than 1% of all cancers and often present at advanced stages due to their nonspecific symptoms and complex anatomic location. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological subtype, followed by adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and neuroendocrine tumors. Advances in diagnostic imaging—particularly high resolution CT, MRI, and PET-CT—have significantly improved tumor localization, staging, and surgical planning. Recent developments in endoscopic skull base surgery have shifted management toward minimally invasive approaches with comparable oncologic outcomes and reduced morbidity. Radiotherapy techniques such as IMRT and proton therapy offer superior conformality and better preservation of critical structures. Chemotherapy continues to play an important role in multimodal treatment, especially for locally advanced and high-grade tumors.
Emerging insights into tumor biology, including molecular profiling and identification of actionable mutations, have paved the way for targeted therapies and immunotherapy in select cases. Research into biomarkers, liquid biopsies, and genomic signatures also holds promise for personalized treatment strategies. Despite these advancements, challenges remain due to the rarity of the disease, difficulty in early detection, and lack of standardized protocols. This review summarizes current knowledge on epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic advancements, histopathology, and evolving therapeutic approaches, while highlighting recent innovations and future directions for improved outcomes in nasal and paranasal sinus cancer.