Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. The global prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Although conventional antidiabetic agents reduce blood glucose, long-term use is associated with side effects, cost, and limited access in low-resource settings. The antidiabetic drugs are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is very efficient and effective but it has the various side effects. Herbal medicines have historically been used across cultures for diabetes management and contain phytochemicals with multi-target mechanisms: stimulation of insulin secretion, β-cell protection, enhanced peripheral glucose uptake, inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, modulation of gut microbiota, and antioxidant effects and has the minimum or least side effects compare to conventional medicines This review synthesizes evidence for some medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential, active metabolites , location , mechanisms of action along with other uses of that herb. It also includes the future aspects and challenges faced by these herbs.

The skin, the body’s largest organ, plays a vital role in protection, thermoregulation, sensation, absorption, and maintaining overall homeostasis. Its layered structure—comprising the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis—supports essential physiological functions, from acting as a barrier against environmental stressors to enabling wound healing and regulating water balance. Skin physiology varies across the lifespan; infants exhibit an underdeveloped barrier that strengthens with age, while adults experience gradual thinning of the epidermis and decreased collagen production, contributing to reduced elasticity and visible aging. Maintaining proper skin hygiene is therefore crucial in supporting barrier function, preventing infections, reducing inflammation, and promoting overall skin health. Regular cleansing helps remove dirt, excess oil, pollutants, and bacteria that contribute to acne, irritation, and clogged pores.
Face washing remains a foundational step in dermatological care, with modern formulations shifting toward natural and plant-based ingredients that cleanse without disrupting the skin’s moisture balance. Herbal face washes, enriched with botanical extracts like neem, turmeric, aloe vera, and sandalwood, offer antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hydrating, and brightening properties that support healthy skin. Different formulations cater to specific needs, including exfoliating, hydrating, anti-acne, brightening, and anti-aging varieties, as well as gel, cream, and foaming textures designed for various skin types. Evaluating herbal face washes involves assessing organoleptic properties, pH, grittiness, spread ability, foam ability, viscosity, and wash ability to ensure quality and effectiveness.
Overall, the incorporation of gentle, natural ingredients in face wash formulations promotes balanced cleansing, enhances radiance, and supports long-term skin health, making herbal products valuable alternatives to conventional synthetic cleansers.

Malaria remains one of the world’s most challenging infectious diseases, causing significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite decades of control efforts, the complex life cycle, antigenic diversity, and immune-evasion strategies of Plasmodium parasites have hindered the development of highly effective vaccines. Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology—demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic—offer a promising new strategy for malaria prevention. mRNA vaccines provide several advantages, including rapid design, safe cell-free manufacturing, strong humoral and cellular immune responses, and the ability to incorporate multiple antigens. This review summarizes the global burden of malaria, limitations of current antimalarial treatments, mechanisms of emerging drug resistance, and the challenges of malaria vaccine development. It highlights the design, optimization, and delivery strategies of mRNA vaccines and provides an overview of key malaria mRNA vaccine candidates currently in clinical development. Despite the remaining barriers—including antigen selection, instability requiring cold-chain systems, and the need for durable immunity—mRNA platforms represent a transformative opportunity to accelerate the development of effective malaria vaccines and support global eradication efforts.

In-silico drug discovery has emerged as a transformative approach that significantly accelerates and improves early-stage pharmaceutical research. Traditional methods are limited by high costs, long timelines, and elevated attrition rates, whereas computational strategies enable rapid screening and optimization of candidates before laboratory evaluation. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) integrates structural biology, cheminformatics, and simulation techniques to identify and refine molecular hits with higher precision. Virtual screening, through structure-based and ligand-based approaches, allows the efficient evaluation of large chemical libraries against defined biological targets. Molecular docking and scoring functions further predict binding affinities and guide rational lead selection. Computational ADMET and PK/PD models play a critical role in predicting pharmacokinetic behavior and toxicity liabilities at an early stage. The incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine-learning algorithms has expanded the predictive power of these tools, enabling de novo molecule generation and enhanced property optimization. Together, these technologies reduce experimental workload, improve decision-making, and increase success rates across the drug discovery pipeline. This review consolidates the principles, methodologies, applications, and limitations of in-silico approaches while highlighting future opportunities driven by AI-integrated drug design platforms.

In the world, the waste of Pharmaceuticals including expired, unused, or medicine of contaminated products has emerged as a critical environmental and social public health concern due to its persistence and has potential to induce antimicrobial resistance activities. Majority of pharmaceutical waste is generated from households and manufacturing units and healthcare facilities. These types of pharmaceutical wastes often enter the areas of environment through improper disposal practices of these waste and incomplete removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. As a result, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) have been widely found or detected in surface water, soils, and groundwater where they can significantly affect endocrine systems, impair reproduction of aquatic organisms, and also affect balance of the ecosystem, and promote the spread of drug resistant microorganisms. This review paper basically synthesizes newest research on the sources and types and pathways and impacts of eco toxicological waste pharmaceuticals, while assessing the limitations of existing regulatory frameworks and management systems across the worldwide regions. It further explores sustainable and advanced mitigation strategies including green pharmacy principles, and take back programs zonation, activated carbon adsorption, that may reduce environmental risks. Management of hospital waste is basically important by its largest pathogenicity potential and can be serious harmful hazards and it is considered as the most important environmental problems in the world. By integrating proper evidence, innovations by technology, and policy considerations, this paper underscores the urgent need for coordinated, multi-stakeholder approaches to pharmaceutical waste management to safeguard environmental integrity and human health.

The prevalence and related problems of Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are both on the rise, contributing to the significant worldwide burden of the disease. New therapeutic approaches, improved diagnostics, and a deeper comprehension of disease causes have all been brought about by recent research. From a molecular perspective, the use of single-cell and multi-omics technologies is revealing variability in insulin resistance, β-cell stress, and pancreatic islet cell dysfunction, which helps explain differences in how the disease progresses and how well a treatment works.AI-driven multimodal models that combine ECG signals with clinical risk variables (such as1ECG-DiaNet) for an earlier   Type 2 diabetes prediction and early biomarker networks that more accurately describe prediabetes and"pre-prediabetes" stages are examples of advancements in diagnostic tools. In terms of treatment, more recent grohiups of drugs, like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, provide advantages beyond glycemic control, such as renal and cardiovascular protection. More physiological and secure insulin treatments that lower the risk of hypoglycemia are promised by the development of smart or glucose-responsive insulin mimics. In order to improve automated blood glucose regulation, nanotechnology has been used to improve glucose sensing (e.g., m
ore sensitive, non-enzymatic sensors) and inclosed-loop or controlled insulin delivery systems. In Type 1 diabetes, immunotherapies that target the autoimmune attack on β-cells are showing promise. Lastly, personalized treatment plans are emphasized by lifestyle and precision medicine techniques. Significant obstacles still need to be overcome in order to ensure accessibility and cost-effectiveness in low- and middle-income nations, validate new therapies' long-term safety and durability, get past implementation, data privacy, and regulatory barriers, and translate early-stage findings into clinical practice. There is potential for better results, fewer complications, and even remission for certain patients with the ongoing integration of innovative diagnostics, treatments, and technology.

Introduction: Breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for virtually all babies. It meets essentially all of the nutritional needs of full-term babies until approximately six months of age, when solid foods are usually added to the diet.
Objective: 1. To assess the Pre-test and post-test level of Knowledge and practice on Breast feeding techniques among Postnatal Primi mothers at selected Hospitals 2. To assess the effectiveness of Video assisted teaching on Breast feeding techniques among Postnatal Primi mothers at selected Hospitals 3. To determine the association between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge & Practice score regarding breastfeeding with their selected demographic variables.
Materials & Methods: Quantitative approach was used and 50 postnatal primi mothers were selected in the Labour ward & Postnatal ward by using the sample size calculation. Non-probability purposive sampling techniques were used. Structured knowledge questionnaire and observational checklist were used to collect the Knowledge and practice score of Postnatal primi mothers. The scores were analyzed and interpreted.
Results: In pretest, Mothers are having 5.54 knowledge & practice score and in post-test they are having 8.42 knowledge & practice score, so the difference is 2.88 score, this difference is large and it is statistically significant at the level of p≤0.001.  Statistical significance was calculated using student paired t-test.