Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in dry red chili is a persistent food safety concern, particularly in tropical regions where storage conditions favor fungal growth and toxin production. Conventional detoxification approaches often involve thermal or chemical treatments that may compromise product quality or leave residues. In the present study, photo-activated atmospheric cold plasma (PAACP), a UV-assisted non-thermal technique, was evaluated for the degradation of AFB1 in dry red chili. The effect of treatment time (5-20 min) and temperature (30-50 °C) on AFB1 reduction was systematically investigated under controlled moisture conditions.PAACP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in AFB1 concentration, with degradation efficiency increasing with both exposure time and temperature. The degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with good model fit (R² > 0.99). The apparent rate constant increased from 0.0394 to 0.0621 min-1 as temperature increased from 30 to 50 °C, accompanied by a reduction in half-life from 17.60 to 11.16 min. Treatment time was identified as the primary factor influencing degradation, while moderate temperature elevation enhanced reaction rates without inducing thermal effects.The results indicate that PAACP is an effective non-thermal approach for reducing AFB1 in dry red chili, with predictable kinetic behavior that can support process optimization. This study provides a focused kinetic understanding of plasma-assisted detoxification in spice matrices and highlights its potential for safe and efficient mycotoxin mitigation.

To study and characterize Hepatitis A in blood samples from patients with suspected symptoms. Hepatitis A virus is still a major cause of infection and disease in the world and heterogeneous pockets of susceptible and exposed individuals may co-exist in rapidly developing societies. Thereafter, small localized or large out breaks of HAV infection will remain a threat in such areas. The situation demands that conclusive guidelines be produced for HAV vaccination in these communities after characterizing them appropriately. WHO is in the process of revising its position paper on hepatitis A, issued in 2000, with a view to update and evaluate the data on disease burden, epidemiology, vaccine products and availability and immunization protection; review the use of the vaccine in out breaks and for contacts of cases; and issue guidance to countries where the prevalence rates are declining from high levels.

Pancreatic cancer is a significant global health concern, associated with one of the lowest survival rates among all types of cancer. With a five-year survival rate of just over 10%, it is a major contributor to cancer-related mortality worldwide. In 2018, there were 458,918 new cases and 432,242 deaths reported globally, making it the seventh most common cancer and the fourth deadliest. This highlights the urgent need for improved detection, treatment, and management strategies to combat this aggressive disease.
Current treatment approaches for pancreatic cancer involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, with limitations. For early-stage cancer, surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is the most favorable option. However, most patients are unsuitable for surgery due to the cancer's invasive nature and high metastasis risk. Traditional treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care. Emerging therapies like targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and microbial therapy show promise for future combination treatments.
Pancreatic cancer is a tough one, isn't it? It's super aggressive, and early detection is key. Unfortunately, many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, leaving limited treatment options. But there's hope! New treatments like CAR-T cell immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, and antibody-drug conjugates are being explored, and they're showing promise. Combining these therapies might just be the game-changer we need to make pancreatic cancer more manageable. Surgical advancements and neoadjuvant therapy are also improving outcomes. We're optimistic that these efforts will pay off soon!

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Douek et al., 2009). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. In the present study carried out on 942 patients with various sexually transmitted diseases 65 patients were found to be seropositive for HIV. Out of these 42 were males (64.61%) while 23 were females (35.38%) which are lower than Burzin et al. (2006) from Ahmedabad reported 77.51% males and 22.49% females found seropositive for HIV. This might be due to less no. of patients in our study. Large number of cases in males in comparison to females is explained from the fact that in females the social stigma and discrimination prevents the women to seek help of STD clinic facility, which in turn contribute higher cases in males. Hence, our study support the males are affected than the opposite sex. Among 65 HIV patients, herpes Progenitalis is the commonest STD with 28 cases (43.07%), followed by Syphilis (18.45%), Mixed VDs (12.3%), Molluscum contagiosum (7.69%), Gonorrhoea (6.15%), Chancroid (4.61%), Condyloma acuminate (3.07%), Granuloma Inguinale (1.53%), Lymphogranuloma venereum (1.53%) and Nongonococcal urethritis (1.53%) indicating that HIV is co-supplemented with STDs and such STD patients are high risk of HIV Seropositivity.