Atmospheric air is an important part of human habitat. Because of the inventions in advanced technologies in many areas certain impacts on environment are observed. One of the concerned impacts is air pollution. The atmospheric air constitutes many elements, one of that is CO2. It is introduced in air from many sources like power plants, automobiles etc. and we are aware about the fact that CO2 is undesirable and harmful to all human beings.

In this paper, an attempt is done to focus the lamp on the work done to remove hazardous gases like CO2, SO2, and NOx from atmospheric air. Different investigators worked on different methods for removal of these gases and these techniques are also discussed. The MEA (mono-ethylene-amine) process is also studies along with its drawbacks. Investigators are now switching from MEA process to aqueous ammonia process. The process parameters in ammonia process and its result analysis are also discussed here. Still the research community is facing many problems in developing efficient and effective process which establishes the way to new future work in this area.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers in women. Women have lack of awareness about cervical cancer that increased the prevalence of the disease. Cervical cancer screening using Pap smear provides an appropriate way for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme through a structured knowledge questionnaire. A quantitative research approach and quasi experimental pre test post test research design was adopted to conduct study. Structured knowledge questionnaire with interview schedule was used to assess the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer. Pre test was taken on first day followed by planned teaching programme to experimental group on the same day and then post test was taken after seven days. In experimental group majority women (74%) had average level of knowledge in pre test but in post test majority women (60%) had good level of knowledge. There was significant difference between the mean post test knowledge score of experimental and control group (t = 10.194, p =0.0001) at p<0.05 level. There were significant association of the selected socio demographic variables religion and family income per month over the scores of the post test in experimental group. Planned teaching programme was highly effective in enhancing the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer.

Background: Multi Drug Therapy approved by WHO is the best treatment option for Leprosy. There is a significant decline of mortality and morbidity after the introduction of multi drug therapy. But the adverse effects causing changes in clinical and laboratory parameters to multi drug therapy are the main limiting obstacle for the treatment course completion. 

Objective: The aim of this study is to find out the effects on routine laboratory parameters including hematological and biochemical changes before, during and after the treatment of multi drug therapy in leprosy. 

Methodology: A descriptive cohort hospital based study on 85 multi drug therapy treated leprosy patients using standard laboratory tools for routine investigations for 18 months.

Results: During the one year multidrug treatment period, most of the routine laboratory parameters showed mild to moderate change from normal level during the first 3 months with gradual recovery in the following months. Complete blood count assessment revealed mild decline in Hb, PCV, MCH, MCHC, and moderate decline in WBC and Platelet count. A mild increase in liver function tests (Bilirubin, AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase) and renal function tests (S.Creatinine, b. Urea) was observed. A moderate decline in S. Sodium with mild increase in S. Potassium was found on investigating S. Electrolytes.  Patients were fully recovered from all hemato-biochemical adverse effects after 6 months of completion of the multi drug therapy. 

Conclusion: Despite of mild to moderate hematological and biochemical adverse reactions with multi drug therapy, recovery was excellent after 6 months of completion of therapy. 

In the present work effect of V-jagged twisted tape insert on friction factor, heat transfer and enhancement were investigated in a circular tube. The experiments were carried out for one twist ratios (y=3.09) and two different width and depth of jag(we=10,de=8),(we=10,de=10) for different  mass flow rates keeping heat flux constant with air as working medium. The pressure drop, friction factor, heat transfer for various inserts were determined. The results obtained were compared with plane tape and plane tube. Also to check the effect of material on heat transfer the experiments were conducted on the materials copper. 

Synthetic biology strives to take a leap beyond classical genetic engineering approach by attempting to engineer important life processes in order to come up with modified processes which are capable of performing functions which are generally not found in nature. Therefore, it possesses immense potential in spite of being in its initial stages. There exist two contrasting approaches, namely strict regulation and open source approaches in synthetic biology governance. However, the construction of pathogenic organisms such as infectious poliovirus from published DNA sequence information and reconstruction of influenza virus (which was extinct for around 5 million years) exploiting similar technologies have highlighted serious concerns associated with open source approach. At the same time open source approach offer promises for the encouragement and expansion of the synthetic biology community. This review article discusses the role of open source approaches in synthetic biology.

Saber sheath trachea is the diffuse static narrowing of intrathoracic portion of trachea with concomitant widening of sagittal diameter. Sagittal: coronal diameter <0.67 or 2:3 as a conventionally measured 1 cm above arch of aorta top. It is an age old indicator of airway obstruction. In this study we are trying to find out whether we can use this as an indicator of COPD or is there any prognostic value in managing COPD. In this study we included 25 COPD diagnosed patients and compared the tiffenau index and presence of Saber sheath trachea in them. Out of 25 patients, 8 had Saber sheath trachea. Conclusion, we cannot predict chances of COPD only by analysing the presence of Saber sheath trachea.

Aflatoxin contamination is a serious food safety issue throughout the World. The present study aims to determine the efficacy of the aqueous extracts of Catharanthus roseus, Andrographis paniculata, Syzium aromaticum and Ocimum gratissium for their potential in preventing aflatoxin (AFB1) contamination. The antifungal activities of these medicinal plants were tested against the inhibitory action on the growth of A. flavus and control of aflatoxin production (AFB1) and also the degradation of AFB1. Various concentrations of aqueous plants extracts were prepared and tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of A. flavus and subsequent aflatoxin production. All medicinal plant extracts effectively reduced the growth of A. flavus ranging from 14% to 72% under in vitro and subsequently inhibit the AFB1 production ranging from 3.4% to 86.7% at different concentrations. Among the plant extracts tested, C. roseus effectively reduced (72%) the growth of A. flavus followed by A. paniculata (70%), O. gratissium (60%) and S. aromaticum (50%). Similarly, C. roseus inhibited the maximum level (87%) of AFB1 produced by A. flavus under in vitro condition (liquid medium) when compared to A. paniculata (73%), S. aromaticum (34%) and O. gratissium (64%). In-vitro fungal studies showed that higher level of inhibition in the growth of A. flavus by C. roseus extract (65%) compared to other plant extract. Degradation of AFB1 in the mixture with plant extracts revealed a loss of over 90% of AFB1 suggested that, aqueous extract of C. roseus have the ability to degrade the aflatoxin B1 at maximum level followed by A. paniculata (85%), S. aromaticum (75%) and O. gratissium (70%). This study showed the inhibitory action on the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi and their aflatoxin by C. roseus.

Large industrial non-linear loads have significant capacity to perturb the supply grid in terms of harmonic power and fundamental reactive power. In order to obtain a better performance than those of the conventional passive filter solutions, active power filters (APF) have been developed. For large power application, the ratings of active power filter as well as losses are increased. As a result, hybrid power filter which combine the advantages of both passive and active filters has been developed.  In this paper the review of various hybrid active power filter topologies, detail study of design and control topologies of hybrid active power filter and their comparison is taken into consideration.

Introduction: Extended Exponential Distribution is a new expansion of Exponential distribution. It has a rich hazard family which can study out a wide application area in survival analysis or reliability theory. Extended Exponential Distribution has also increasing, decreasing and constant hazard properties like Weibull, Exponentiated Exponential and Gamma Distributions. It is a kind of distribution which has accelerated hazard ratio properties. 

Case Report: In this study parameter estimation and asymptotic confidence intervals of parameters estimation in Extended Exponential Distribution for survival time analysis of right censored is discussed. A real time data is applied for illustrating to consider parameter estimation and asymptotic confidence intervals of parameters estimation in the study. 

Conclusion: Results for Extended Exponential distribution for analysis in Modal Choice and Correlation Results for Lung Cancer Test Group Patients give the best results than other distributions. This shows that Extended Exponential distribution could find a large application area in survival analysis and theory. 

Background: Nephrectomy and subsequent surgical interventions for renal diseases provided clinical information and histopathological insight that form the basis of current concepts of renal tumours. The purpose of study is to determine the spectrum of neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease processes that may be overlooked in tumour nephrectomies.

Material and methods: A hospital based study included 120 nephrectomy specimens received in the department of Pathology from January 2011 to 31 December 2013 were subjected for histopathological examination. Specimens were processed and stained with H&E and special staining.

Results: Out of 120 nephrectomy specimens 106 were neoplastic lesion and 14 were nonneoplastic lesion. In malignant epithelial neoplasms clear cell RCCs were 68 (56.7%), papillary RCC 8 (6.7%), squamous cell carcinoma 4 (3.3%), one each were chromophobe RCC, collecting duct RCC, sarcomatoid RCC and transitional cell carcinoma observed. Among 14 nonneoplastic tumourous conditions, 10 cases of renal tuberculosis and 4 cases of renal cystic disease were present. Most common site of metastasis was in perinephric fat. Mean age for male was 54.10 years whereas in female it was 44.55 years.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study provided a fair insight into the histological patterns of lesion in nephrectomy specimens. Most common incidence was of malignant neoplasms in

which clear cell RCC constitutes largest group followed by nonneoplastic tumours conditions.

This review focuses on the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic treatment of the polluted water mainly due to dyes. The semiconductors such as TiO2, CdS, ZnO are used as photocatalyst along with some other ternary compounds also. The topic concerned includes various types of dyes, the history and importance of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. The characteristics of TiO2 which makes it suitable for photocatalysis and some other catalyst are also discussed. The mechanism for the dye degradation and the various parameters which affect the rate of dye degradation are also stated. The various applications of heterogeneous photocatalysis such as Self-cleaning, Air purification, Anti-fogging are also stated. The recent advancement in the topic such as coupled photocatalyst for enhanced dye degradation, solar photocatalysis, the Z-scheme and Heterojunction mechanism are also discussed. The challenges in the field like efficient charge separation, carrying out photocatalysis using solar light, problems associated with the reactor design are also covered.

Abnormal uterine haemorrhage is one of the commonest gynaecological disorders. Mast cells are found in the different phases of endometrium of normal women suffering from dysfunctional uterine bleeding. The most important chemical components of mast cells are heparin, histamine and hyaluronic acid. The liberation of heparin by mast cells led to the belief that a correlation might exist between these cells and menstrual disorders. 

Surveys for fungal disease incidence were conducted at eleven selected chirata growing areas to know the occurrences and intensity during 2011 and 2012. Swertia chirayita, an endangered high value medicinal plant was examined in situ for disease symptoms as well as samples being collected for laboratory analyses. Fungi were identified using morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity test confirmed chirata as a host and the survey showed that three fungi being identified from infected chirata plants which are predominantly found across all the different altitudinal sites.It caused undesirable effects on yield. These fungal pathogens were detected for the first time in Darjeeling district of West Bengal.