Common bile duct ectasia is a sonographic evidence of obstruction to normal flow. Availability of a reference range is therefore clinically warranted.  This Study is aimed at establishing a reference range of the Common Bile Duct diameter in apparently healthy adults and its relationship with age, gender and anthropometry.

This is a prospective cross sectional survey involving 424 participants aged 18 to 90 years. The luminal ductal diameter was measured at: the proximal, middle and the distal aspects. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard techniques. 

The mean ductal diameters from proximal to distal were: 3.57±1.25 mm; 3.57±1.30 mm and 3.70±1.41 mm. overall mean for all measures was 3.61±1.22 mm.  There was statistically significant positive correlation of common bile duct diameter with age in both male and female (r = 0.804 and 0.706 respectively; p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in mean CBD diameter between male and female within the same age group (p > 0.05). However, there was statistically significant difference in the overall mean diameter between gender (p =0.001). A moderate positive correlation was noted with the weight, BMI, circumferences at the transpyloric plane and the umbilical regions for both gender (0.226 < r < 0.411, p < 0.001). 

Ductal diameters beyond this range should prompt the need for further evaluation and anthropometry put to bear in predictions.

Today the Internet is the most powerful tool in the world. It is a collection of various services and resources. In recent years, Internet addiction has been a worldwide problem among youth. It

affects the person mentally, physically and socially too.

The aim of the study was to assess prevalence of internet addiction and its association with depression, anxiety and stress among students of Holy Nursing School, Singhewala, Punjab.

A descriptive correlational study was conducted on the sample of 60 nursing students selected by using non- probability convenience sampling technique. The data was collected by using Young’s Internet Addiction Scale and Depression, Anxiety and stress Scale- 21 Items (DASS21).

Results of the study showed 1 (1.66%) of students were normal internet users, 14 (23.33%) of students had mild internet addiction, 43 (71.66%) of students had moderate internet addiction and 2 (3.33%) of students had severe internet addiction. 

From the view of Depression 27 (45%) students were normal, 11 (18.33%) had mild level of depression, 11 (18.33%) had moderate level of depression, 8 (13.33%) had severe level of depression and 3 (5%) had extremely severe level of depression. From the view of Anxiety 12 (20%) students were normal, no one had mild level of anxiety, 23 (38.33%) had moderate level of anxiety, 11 (18.33%) had severe level of anxiety and 14 (23.33%) had extremely severe level of anxiety. From the view of Stress 21 (35%) students were normal, 18 (30%) had mild level of Stress, 12 (20%) had moderate level of Stress, 7 (11.66%) had severe level of Stress and 2 (3.33%) had extremely severe level of Stress.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there was direct relationship between the Internet Addiction score and the Anxiety score (r = 0.397, p = ˂.01) and stress score (r = .371, p = ˂.01) among the students and as the internet addiction increased anxiety and stress also increased. But there is no any relationship between internet addiction score and depression score (r = 0.397, 

p = ˃.01).

Dilatation of the pancreatic duct indicates obstruction to normal flow or a predictor to pancreatic pathology. Availability of a reference value is therefore important.

This Study is aimed at establishing a normogram in apparently healthy adults and its relationship with age, gender and anthropometry. It is a prospective cross sectional survey involving 424 subjects aged 18 to 90 years. The pancreatic duct diameter inclusive of the echogenic walls was taken at the proximal, body and tail. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures. The mean pancreatic duct diameters from proximal to tail were: 2.44±0.59 mm, 2.12±0.48 mm and 1.86±0.52 mm.  A very weak positive correlation existed with PD and anthropometry(r = 0.11)

Ductal diameters beyond these limits should prompt the need for further investigation. 

Tethered cord syndrome is a stretch-induced functional disorder associated with the fixation (tethering) effect of inelastic tissue on the caudal spinal cord, limiting its movement. This abnormal attachment is associated with progressive stretching and increased tension of the spinal cord as a child ages, potentially resulting in a variety of neurological and other symptoms. Due to the variation of the growth rate of the spinal cord and the spinal column, the progression of neurological signs and symptoms is highly variable. Some infants are presented with tethered cord syndrome at birth (so-called congenital), while others develop the symptomatology in infancy or early childhood. The majority of these cases are mostly developmental, corresponding to the progressive development of excess fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis) in the filum terminale. The filum terminale is a strand of tissue that bridges the spinal cord tip and the tailbone (sacrum). The inelastic structures in children originated from defective closure of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) during embryonic development, eventually forming a condition known as spina bifida. Because of its functional (physiological) nature, tethered cord syndrome can be reversible if surgically treated in its early stage.

Twelve young Indian male subjects participated in this study to examine the maximum acceptable weight limit (MAWL) and maximum weight limit (MWL) for symmetric lifting in sagittal plane as well as for 90o trunk rotation (asymmetric lifting). Change in MAWL and MWL was observed with respect to changes in height of subjects. This study involved lifting a container to 74 cm height at 4 lifts/min for 4 hours. The participants were grouped into three height categories namely small height (150 cm to 170 cm), medium height (170 cm to 180 cm) and large height (180 and above). The results showed that MAWL and MWL decreased for asymmetric lifting under each category of height significantly. The mean MAWL decreased by 21.5%, 17.2 % and 17.2% for small, medium and large height participants respectively and mean MWL also decreased by 36.7 %, 33.8 % and 33.2 % for small, medium and large height participants respectively. The change in resting heart rate and working heart rate increased by 12%, 17.1% and 11.7% for small, medium and large height participants respectively. For a particular mode of lifting the MAWL and MWL increased from small height participants to large height participants. Change in heart rate is also increased with increase in lifting height (p<0.5).