Abstract Introduction: Liver abscess is defined as collection of purulent material in liver parenchyma which can be due to bacterial, parasitic, fungal, or mixed infection. It is a life-threatening and a potentially serious condition if left untreated. Therefore, it is very important for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management at the earliest. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile and management in patients with liver abscess. 

Materials and methods: This study was done on patients of liver abscess who were admitted in our institute in one year period from January 2015 to December 2015. We have studied forty seven patients, both male and female of all age groups. Medical records of these patients were analyzed for presenting clinical features, examination findings, radiological tests and treatment modalities. 

Results: There were 44 males and 3 females in the present study. Most of patients presented with abdomen pain (91.38%), tenderness (82.97%) and fever (82.97%). Eight (17.02%) patients with concurrent respiratory complains present. Most of abscesses were present in right lobe (72.34%) and four patients had abscesses in both lobes of liver. Single abscess was present in (76.59%) of patients and multiple abscesses were present in 11 patients. Thirteen (27.65%) patients were anemic and (70.21%) patients had leucocytosis. Eight (17.02%) patients had serum bilirubin>1.2gm%, (12.76%) patients had elevated SGOT/PT, (6.38%) had elevated alkaline phosphatase Conclusion: Most common presenting feature is pain abdomen followed by fever. Ultrasound abdomen is useful not only in diagnosis and intervention but also in the follow up of the condition and to assess resolution.

Abstract Aims and objectives: The relative liability of ABO blood groups to certain systemic diseases has been investigated .Gall bladder stones and salivary glands tumor are more common in blood group ‘A’, while blood groups with ‘A’ and blood groups with ‘O’ individually are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases. However, scanty literature is available on relationship between ABO blood groups and periodontal diseases. The aim of present study was to determine association between human ABO blood groups and periodontal diseases. 

Materials and methods: 272 patients aged between 18-59 years (mean age 42±4 years) were examined in the present study. This study was based on periodontal conditions, blood groups and medical history. The study population was divided into 3 groups as those with healthy gingiva, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The effects of blood subgroups on healthy gingiva, gingivitis and periodontitis were investigated separately. 

Result: A relatively higher percentage 67.8% of ‘A’ blood group patients were found in gingivitis group, and 75% of’ O’ group patients were found in periodontitis group. ’B’ blood group patients 76.9% were found in relatively higher percentage in healthy gingiva. A significant relationship was also found between Rh factor and periodontitis. 

Conclusion: These data are suggestive of broad correlation between periodontal diseases and blood groups which may act as risk predictors for periodontal diseases .This will make it possible to better understand the risk factors of periodontal diseases and to predict the effective methods of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.

Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis), a member of the Rutaceae (citrus family) has been traditionally used for various ailments such as asthma, hypertension, microbial infections, diabetes, tuberculosis, etc. It is rich in many phytochemicals which include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, limonene, citral, neohesperidin, naringin, rutin, rhamnose, eriocitrin, and vitamin C. In this study the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of C. sinensis was investigated on some bacterial strains like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella sp that are responsible for gastrointestinal disorder. The different concentrations (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 20mg/mL and 25 mg/mL) of the sample have been used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and increment in the antimicrobial activity was found with the increasing concentration of the sample. In the investigation of the thrombolytic activity of the C. sinensis methanolic peel extract, weak thrombolytic activity (26%) was found.

Abstract 

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity & mortality. Preeclampsia accounts for most of the hypertensive disorders. Quantification of proteinuria is important for making diagnosis and treatment. As the 24 hour urine protein estimation is time consuming and cumbersome, spot urinary protein creatinine ratio had been studied as an alternative method. 

Objectives: 1. To assess the accuracy of a single spot urinary Protein creatinine ratio (PCR) in proteinuria quantification over 24 hour proteinuria and to assess whether a single spot urinary PCR can be used as a replacement for 24 hour urine protein measurement. 2. To determine the best cut off value of spot PCR for significant proteinuria. 3. To find timing of PCR that correlates well with 24 hour urine protein estimation. 

Methodology: Prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Government medical college, Kozhikode, from April 2014 to May 2015. Three hundred antenatal women of >28 weeks gestation who were admitted with hypertension complicating pregnancy were included in the study. All the women were advised to collect urine for 24 hour period. Three spot samples of urine were collected following 24 hour collection by noon, night and next day morning. Correlation between PCR and 24 hour urine protein excretion was assessed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ROC) analysis was used to find the best cut off value of PCR for predicting significant proteinuria and to know the best time for doing PCR. 

Results: The PCR value correlated well with 24 hour urine protein estimation, with the correlation coefficient r=0.69(morning PCR),0.76(noon),0.71(night).ROC analysis showed the area under the curve(AUC) for PCR (morning, noon, night) to be 0.79, 0.95, 0.9 respectively with maximum being noon and the optimal cut off for predicting significant proteinuria at morning, noon, and night to be 0.47, 0.40 and 0.45, with sensitivity and specificity values of 89% and 91% with PCR at noon.

Conclusion: The present study showed good correlation between PCR and 24 hour urine protein. So PCR can be used as an alternative to 24 hour urine protein. The best cut off value of PCR for estimating significant proteinuria was 0.4 with sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 91% showing PCR measurement at noon to be taken as best timing of performing PCR.