In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and surrogate motherhood have been crucial steps in making infertile couples experience the joy of parenthood. It is also the case for same sex couples and couples who, for some medical reasons were unable to conceive children of their own naturally. But IVF and surrogate motherhood come with a cost; that of medical, physical and mental difficulties that potential candidates face in the process. More importantly, IVF and surrogacy are associated with fundamental moral and ethical issues such as human embryo manipulation, physical and psychological trauma, a possible exploitation of women, the use of children as mere market and commercial products in the case of commercial surrogacy, a forced emotional detachment of mother and child after birth and a noticeable challenge to the structure of traditional nuclear family. Children born out of surrogacy could also face an identity crisis.

In this paper, we want to explore mainly these moral and ethical issues that are associated with IVF and surrogacy. These moral and ethical issues are particularly important because it is about human’s life and the very core meaning of human existence.

Through an analytical method of enquiry, we have discovered that IVF and surrogate motherhood are very sensitive and fundamental issues that need proper rigorous regulations to remain useful to society, failure to which they could become a source of abuse and compromise what society has dearly fought for: freedom and right to life.

Introduction: Mechanical low back pain is acute or sub-acute in nature and doesn’t radiate below knee. Latissimus dorsi being the largest muscle of the back plays vital role in pathomechanics of mechanical low back pain. 

Objectives: To establish prevalence of latissimus dorsi tightness in patients with active mechanical low back pain.

Materials and Methods: 100 subjects having active mechanical low back pain were selected. Prior to selection,subjects were assessed for tightness of pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and teres major. Subjects having positive test for these muscles were not included in sample size. Latissimus dorsi length test was then carried out using pressure biofeedback unit.

Result: The prevalence of latissimus dorsi tightness was studied based on side involvement, Ipsilateral involvement: 61%, Contralateral involvement: 12%, No involvement: 27%. Discussion: Studies conclude that alteration in trunk muscles occur to reduce noxious stimuli by limiting range of motion (1).A decrease in length or increase in stiffness of latissimus dorsi can lead to alterations in movement patterns and postures which cause exacerbation of low back pain.

Conclusion: There is a prevalence rate of 73% for latissimus dorsi tightness in active mechanical low back pain patients.